Road traffic in European cities exposes 60 million people to noise
levels harmful to health

Date:
March 24, 2022
Source:
Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)
Summary:
A study assessed the levels of noise generated by road traffic and
examined its impact on health in 749 European cities. The findings
show that nearly 60 million adults are subjected to unhealthy
levels of vehicle-generated noise. Compliance with the World
Health Organization (WHO) noise-level guidelines could prevent
3,600 deaths annually from ischemic heart disease alone.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A study by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), a
centre supported by the "la Caixa" Foundation, assessed the levels of
noise generated by road traffic and examined its impact on health in 749 European cities. The findings, published in Environment International,
show that nearly 60 million adults are subjected to unhealthy levels of vehicle-generated noise. Compliance with the World Health Organisation
(WHO) noise-level guidelines could prevent 3,600 deaths annually from
ischaemic heart disease alone.


==========================================================================
Road traffic is the main source of environmental noise. Previous research
has linked environmental noise to a range of adverse health effects: sleep disturbance, annoyance, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, adverse
birth outcomes, cognitive impairment, poor mental health and well-being,
and premature mortality. Long-term exposure to road traffic noise can
cause a sustained stress reaction, which results in the release of stress hormones and increases in heart rate, blood pressure and vasoconstriction, eventually leading to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, depression and anxiety disorders.

For this study, data on European cities were retrieved from the Urban
Audit 2018 dataset. Road traffic noise exposure was estimated using
noise maps produced by countries and cities under the current European legislative framework (Environmental Noise Directive) or available from
local sources (e.g.

city governments and research institutions). For cases in which city-level
data were not available, country-specific predictive models were developed
and applied to estimate exposure to road traffic noise. Data on different causes of mortality for the year 2015 were retrieved from the Eurostat database.

The results showed that more than 48% of the 123 million adults
(aged 20 years or older) included in the study were exposed to noise
levels exceeding the WHO- recommended threshold. Specifically, the
WHO recommendation states that the average noise level recorded over a
24-hour period should not exceed 53 decibels (53 dB Lden). The percentage
of the population exposed to higher-than- recommended noise levels in
Europe's capital cities ranges from 29.8% in Berlin to 86.5% in Vienna, including 43.8% in Madrid and 60.5% in Rome.

Preventable Deaths and Annoyance Building on previous research that
established associations between noise and mortality caused by ischaemic
heart disease, the researchers estimated that compliance with WHO
guidelines would prevent more than 3,600 deaths each year from ischaemic
heart disease alone.

The study also found that more than 11 million adults were highly annoyed
by road traffic noise. Annoyance was defined as the repeated disturbance
of everyday activities, such as communicating, reading, working and
sleeping. In this sense, annoyance goes beyond mere inconvenience, as it
can increase stress and eventually give rise to various health problems.

"Our results provide, for the first time, a comprehensive picture of
European cities and a clearer understanding of why transport-generated
noise is the second major environmental cause of adverse health outcomes
in western Europe, after airborne particulate matter," explained ISGlobal researcher Sasha Khomenko, lead author of the study. "Even so, we are
convinced that the true health impact of traffic noise is much greater,
as the lack of city-level data limits the health effects we can assess,
thus leading to an underestimation of the impact. Moreover, the available
data have only allowed us to analyse the population exposed to more
than 55 dB Lden, whereas the WHO-recommended threshold is 53 dB Lden,
and we suspect that adverse effects could occur even with exposure to
lower noise levels." The team encountered methodological difficulties
due to the heterogeneity and quality of the available data. The quality
of each noise map was assessed, with most maps falling into the low or
moderate quality categories; less than 17% of the maps were considered
to be of good quality.

"The European directive on environmental noise made strategic noise
mapping mandatory, but it did not set out a specific methodology
or guidelines, so the results have been mixed," commented Mark
Nieuwenhuijsen, head of the Air Pollution and Urban Environment programme
at ISGlobal and senior author of the study. "The EU member states
have had a common methodology since January 2019, so we can expect to
see much more comprehensive and accurate health impact assessments of
traffic noise in the coming years." Consult Data for All 749 Cities
This study forms part of the European Urban Burden of Disease Project,
which so far has produced rankings of mortality associated with air
pollution and green space, respectively, in European cities. However,
due to differences in methodologies and sources of traffic noise data,
the results obtained for the various cities analysed are not considered
to be comparable. As a result, a road-noise ranking was not produced,
although all data have been posted on the project website, where values
for all 749 cities can be consulted.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Barcelona_Institute_for_Global_Health_(ISGlobal). Note: Content may be
edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Related Multimedia:
* Table_showing_data_from_some_European_capitals ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Sasha Khomenko, Marta Cirach, Jose Barrera-Go'mez, Evelise Pereira-
Barboza, Tamara Iungman, Natalie Mueller, Maria Foraster, Cathryn
Tonne, Meelan Thondoo, Calvin Jephcote, John Gulliver, James
Woodcock, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen. Impact of road traffic noise on
annoyance and preventable mortality in European cities: A health
impact assessment. Environment International, 2022; 162: 107160
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107160 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220324104519.htm

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