• Could we make cars out of petroleum resi

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Friday, March 18, 2022 22:30:36
    Could we make cars out of petroleum residue?
    A new method could turn refinery byproducts into high-value, ultralight structural materials for cars, aircraft, and spacecraft

    Date:
    March 18, 2022
    Source:
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Summary:
    Researchers have developed a way to make lightweight fibers, for
    possible use in the bodies of cars, out of an ultracheap feedstock:
    the waste material from the refining of petroleum.



    FULL STORY ==========================================================================
    As the world struggles to improve the efficiency of cars and other
    vehicles in order to curb greenhouse gas emissions and improve the range
    of electric vehicles, the search is on for ever-lighter materials that
    are strong enough to be used in the bodies of cars.


    ========================================================================== Lightweight materials made from carbon fiber, similar to the material used
    for some tennis rackets and bicycles, combine exceptional strength with
    low weight, but these have been more expensive to produce than comparable structural elements made of steel or aluminum. Now, researchers at MIT and elsewhere have come up with a way of making these lightweight fibers out
    of an ultracheap feedstock: the heavy, gloppy waste material left over
    from the refining of petroleum, material that refineries today supply
    for low-value applications such as asphalt, or eventually treat as waste.

    Not only is the new carbon fiber cheap to make, but it offers advantages
    over the traditional carbon fiber materials because it can have
    compressional strength, meaning it could be used for load-bearing
    applications. The new process is described in the journal Science
    Advances, in a paper by graduate student Asmita Jana, research scientist
    Nicola Ferralis, professor Jeffrey Grossman, and five others at MIT,
    Western Research Institute in Wyoming, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    in Tennessee.

    The research began about four years ago in response to a request from the Department of Energy, which was seeking ways to make cars more efficient
    and reduce fuel consumption by lowering their overall weight. "If you look
    at the same model car now, compared to 30 years ago, it's significantly heavier," Ferralis says. "The weight of cars has increased more than
    15 percent within the same category." A heavier car requires a bigger
    engine, stronger brakes, and so on, so the reducing the weight of the
    body or other components has a ripple effect that produces additional
    weight savings. The DOE is pushing for the development of lightweight structural materials that match the safety of today's conventional steel
    panels but also can be made cheaply enough to potentially replace steel altogether in standard vehicles.

    Composites made from carbon fibers are not a new idea, but so far in
    the automotive world they have only been used in a few very expensive
    models. The new research aims to turn that around by providing a low-cost starting material and relatively simple processing methods.



    ========================================================================== Carbon fibers of the quality needed for automotive use cost at least $10
    to $12 per pound currently, Ferralis says, and "can be way more," up to hundreds of dollars a pound for specialized application like spacecraft components. That compares to about 75 cents a pound for steel, or $2 for aluminum, though these prices fluctuate widely, and the materials often
    rely on foreign sources. At those prices, he says, making a pickup truck
    out of carbon fiber instead of steel would roughly double the cost.

    These fibers are typically made from polymers (such as polyacrilonitrile) derived petroleum, but using a costly intermediate step of polymerizing
    the carbon compounds. The cost of the polymer can account for more than
    60 percent of the total cost of the final fiber, Ferralis says. Instead
    of using a refined and processed petroleum product to start with, the
    team's new approach uses what is essentially the dregs left after the
    refining process, a material known as petroleum pitch. "It's what we
    sometimes call the bottom of the barrel," Ferralis says.

    "Pitch is incredibly messy," he says. It's a hodgepodge of mixed heavy hydrocarbons, and "that's actually what makes it beautiful in a way,
    because there's so much chemistry that can be exploited. That makes it
    a fascinating material to start with." It's useless for combustion --
    although it can burn, it's too dirty a fuel be practical, and this is especially true with tightening environmental regulations. "There's
    so much of it," he says, "the inherent value of these products is very
    low, so then it is often landfilled." An alternative source of pitch,
    which the team also tested, is coal pitch, a similar material that is
    a byproduct of coking coal, used for example for steel production. That
    process yields about 80 percent coke and 20 percent coal pitch, "which
    is basically a waste," he says.

    Working in collaboration with researchers at Oak Ridge National
    Laboratory, who had the expertise in manufacturing carbon fibers under
    a variety of conditions, from lab scale all the way up to pilot-plant
    scale, the team set about finding ways to predict the performance in
    order to guide the choice of conditions for those fabrication experiments.



    ==========================================================================
    "The process that you need to actually make a carbon fiber [from pitch]
    is actually extremely minimal, both in terms of energy requirements and
    in terms of actual processing that you need to do," Ferralis says.

    Jana explains that pitch is "made of these heterogeneous set of molecules, where you would expect that if you change the shape or size you would
    expect the properties to change dramatically," whereas an industrial
    material needs to have very consistent properties.

    By carefully modeling the ways bonds form and crosslink between the
    constituent molecules, Jana was able to develop a way of predicting how
    a given set of processing conditions would affect the resulting fiber properties. "We were able to reproduce the results with such startling accuracy," she says, "to the point where companies could take those
    graphs and be able to predict" characteristics such as density and
    elastic modulus of the fibers.

    The work produced results showing by adjusting the starting conditions,
    carbon fibers could be made that were not only strong in tension, as
    most such fibers are, but also strong in compression, meaning they could potentially be used in load-bearing applications. This opens up entirely
    new possibilities for the usefulness of these materials, they say.

    DOE's call was for projects to bring the cost of lightweight materials
    down below $5 a pound, but the MIT team estimates that their method can
    to do better than that, reaching something like $3 a pound, though they
    haven't yet done a detailed economic analysis.

    "The new route we're developing is not just a cost effect," Ferralis
    says. "It might open up new applications, and it doesn't have to
    be vehicles." Part of the complication of making conventional fiber
    composites is that the fibers have to be made into a cloth and laid
    out in precise, detailed patterns. The reason for that, he says,
    "is to compensate for the lack of compressive strength." It's a matter
    of engineering to overcome the deficiencies of the material, he says,
    but with the new process all that extra complexity would not be needed.

    The research team included Taishan Zhu and Yanming Wang at MIT,
    Jeramie Adams at Western Reserve University, and Logan Kearney and Amit
    Naskar at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The work was supported by the
    U.S. Department of Energy.


    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
    Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology. Original written by David
    L. Chandler. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Asmita Jana, Taishan Zhu, Yanming Wang, Jeramie J. Adams, Logan T.

    Kearney, Amit K. Naskar, Jeffrey C. Grossman and Nicola
    Ferralis. Atoms to fibers: Identifying novel processing methods
    in the synthesis of pitch-based carbon fibers. Science Advances,
    2022 DOI: 10.1126/ sciadv.abn1905 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220318161434.htm

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