Indigenous peoples have shucked billions of oysters around the world sustainably

Date:
May 3, 2022
Source:
Smithsonian
Summary:
A new global study of Indigenous oyster fisheries shows that
oyster fisheries were hugely productive and sustainably managed
on a massive scale over hundreds and even thousands of years of
intensive harvest. The study's broadest finding was that long
before European colonizers arrived, the Indigenous groups in these
locations harvested and ate immense quantities of oysters in a
manner that did not appear to cause the bivalves' populations to
suffer and crash.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A new global study of Indigenous oyster fisheries co-led by Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History anthropologist Torben Rick and Temple University anthropologist and former Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow
Leslie Reeder-Myers shows that oyster fisheries were hugely productive and sustainably managed on a massive scale over hundreds and even thousands
of years of intensive harvest. The study's broadest finding was that
long before European colonizers arrived, the Indigenous groups in these locations harvested and ate immense quantities of oysters in a manner that
did not appear to cause the bivalves' populations to suffer and crash.


==========================================================================
The research, published May 3 in Nature Communications, suggests that
studying these ancient, sustainable fisheries offers insights to help
restore and manage estuaries today. Further, the authors write that
these findings make plain that Indigenous peoples in these locations had
deep connections to oysters and that their living descendants are long
overdue to be involved in decisions about how to manage what is left of
this precious coastal resource.

In places like the Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay and Botany Bay near Sydney, oysters exist at tiny fractions of their former numbers. Oyster
numbers declined in these places due to boom and bust exploitation --
beginning with European colonizers establishing commercial fisheries that quickly raked in huge quantities of oysters, and ending with cratering
oyster populations that were also being devastated by habitat alteration, disease and introduced species.

But these parables of ecological collapse wrought by colonization and capitalism often omit evidence of Indigenous fisheries that predated
those of European settlers by thousands of years.

Rick said the new paper expands on a seminal 2004 paper that documented
the collapses of 28 oyster fisheries located along the east and west
coasts of North America and Australia's east coast. But the 2004 paper's timeline in each location begins with European colonists' creation of commercial oyster fisheries.

The new study's goal was to deepen the historical context of those modern declines by documenting the Indigenous oyster fisheries at the same
locales that appeared in the 2004 paper. But stretching this ecological timeline deeper into the past was not the paper's only aim, Rick said.



========================================================================== "Conservation today can't just be seen as a biological question and
can't just be about undoing the environmental damage we've done in the
modern era," Rick said. "Instead, global conservation efforts should be
coupled with undoing the legacies of colonialism which brought about
the attempted erasure and displacement of Indigenous people all over
the world." To document the Indigenous oyster fisheries in the same
locations from the 2004 paper, Rick, Reeder-Myers and colleagues turned
to the archaeological record, specifically to accumulations of oyster
shells that are also known as middens.

These middens come in many forms and are much more than trash piles as
some archeologists once suggested. Some were small and perhaps only used seasonally, while others were monumental, towering up to 30 feet into
the sky, serving as important ceremonial, sacred and symbolic spaces.

Rick and Reeder-Myers assembled a team of 24 other researchers who
specialized in the relevant archaeological sites to gather all the data
they could on these Indigenous oyster fisheries. These data came from
published academic papers, gray literature (research not made readily
available for publication) and the team's own research.

After creating what amounted to a massive spreadsheet for these North
American and Australian sites, the researchers assessed which pieces
of information were available for the greatest number of locations and
realized that the weight of the oyster shells or the number of individual oysters at a site were the two data sets that were most consistent.

"Oyster harvesting didn't start 500 years ago with the arrival of
Europeans," said study co-author Bonnie Newsom, an anthropologist
at the University of Maine and citizen of the Penobscot Indian
Nation. "Indigenous peoples had a relationship with and understood
this species well enough to use it as part of their subsistence and
cultural practices. Indigenous peoples have a lot to offer in terms of
how to engage with this natural resource in ways that are sustainable."
In North America, the highest single site totals come from Florida's Gulf Coast. The study estimates that an island called Mound Key in Estero
Bay contains the shells of some 18.6 billion oysters harvested by the
region's Calusa tribe. About 200 miles north in Cedar Key, Florida, a
site known simply as Shell Mound features the remains of an estimated 2.1 billion oysters. On the Atlantic coast of the United States, the midden
at South Carolina's Fig Island boasts just under 75.6 million oysters,
and a number of sites in the Chesapeake Bay total around 84 million of
the shellfish remains. In Australia, Saint Helena Island near Brisbane
is estimated to contain roughly 50 million oyster shells harvested by Indigenous peoples over more than 1,000 years.



==========================================================================
"We knew there were big sites in the southern U.S., but when we started to calculate just how many oysters were in these sites we were astonished,"
Rick said.

Some of the oldest oyster middens are found in California and
Massachusetts and date back more than 6,000 years. The longest-utilized
single sites (though not necessarily with perfect continuity) span some
5,000 years.

In many of these places, prior studies have suggested that Indigenous
harvests remained sustainable despite their long tenure and significant numbers. The most common way of determining this, Rick said, is by
looking for changes in the oysters' shell sizes in the middens. If the
fishery is overextended, the shells tend to get smaller. But studies
of Indigenous oyster fisheries have not found widespread evidence of
this shrinking shell pattern, suggesting the shellfish populations were generally healthy.

"The fact that there are so many oysters at archaeological sites in so
many different regions is an important lesson," said Reeder-Myers. "These systems have a ton of potential and huge quantities of oysters can be sustainably harvested over long time periods if the ecosystem is healthy."
Rick said he hopes that their findings are heeded by biologists and environmental managers and heighten public awareness about the deep
connections of Indigenous peoples to coastal ecosystems around the world.

"What this study does is it says we need to start a broader dialogue when
we look to restore an ecosystem or make conservation decisions," Rick
said. "In this case, that dialogue needs to include the Indigenous peoples whose ancestors stewarded these ecosystems for millennia. This broadening
of perspectives can enhance biological conservation and help restore connections between Indigenous peoples and their ancestral homelands."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Smithsonian. Note: Content may be
edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Reeder-Myers, L., Braje, T.J., Hofman, C.A. et al. Indigenous oyster
fisheries persisted for millennia and should inform future
management.

Nat Commun, 2022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29818-z ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220503110516.htm

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