• New technology offers fighting chance ag

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Tuesday, May 03, 2022 22:30:42
    New technology offers fighting chance against grapevine killer

    Date:
    May 3, 2022
    Source:
    University of California - Riverside
    Summary:
    CRISPR gene-editing technology represents hope for controlling
    the grapevine-killing glassy-winged sharpshooter. Scientists have
    demonstrated that this technology can make permanent physical
    changes in the insect. They also showed these changes were passed
    down to three or more generations of insects.



    FULL STORY ========================================================================== Scientists at UC Riverside have a shot at eradicating a deadly threat to vineyards posed by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, just as its resistance
    to insecticide has been growing.


    ==========================================================================
    When the half-inch-long flying insect feeds on grapevines, it transmits bacteria that causes Pierce's Disease. Once infected, a vine is likely to
    die within three years -- a growing problem for California's $58 billion
    wine industry. Currently, it can only be controlled with quarantines
    and increasingly less effective chemical sprays.

    New gene-editing technology represents hope for controlling the
    sharpshooter.

    Scientists at UC Riverside demonstrated that this technology can make
    permanent physical changes in the insect. They also showed these changes
    were passed down to three or more generations of insects.

    A paper describing the team's work has been published in the journal
    Scientific Reports.

    "Our team established, for the first time, genetic approaches to
    controlling glassy-winged sharpshooters," said Peter Atkinson,
    entomologist and paper co- author.

    For this project, the researchers used CRISPR technology to knock out
    genes controlling the sharpshooters' eye color. In one experiment, they
    turned the insects' eyes white. In another, the eyes turned cinnabar,
    a blood-red color.

    Then, the team demonstrated these eye color changes were permanent,
    passed along to the offspring of the modified parents.



    ========================================================================== CRISPR is based on the immune systems of bacteria. During attacks by
    viruses, bacteria save pieces of DNA from their invaders. When the
    viruses return, the bacteria recognize, cut, and destroy the viral DNA.

    Scientists use CRISPR like "molecular scissors" to target specific
    DNA sequences.

    "This is a great technology because it can be so specific to one
    insect, and not cause off-target effects on other insects, animals or
    humans," said Inaiara de Souza Pacheco, UCR entomologist and lead study
    author. "It's a much more environmentally friendly strategy for insect
    control than using chemicals." One of the interesting discoveries the
    team made is that sharpshooter eye color genes are located on non-sexual chromosomes. All animals have two types of chromosomes: sex and autosomal,
    or non-sexual.

    "Knowing that white and cinnabar genes are on autosomal chromosomes demonstrates that the inheritance of these genes is not related to the
    gender of the insect," Pacheco said. "This is important for developing
    control strategies." For example, in mosquitoes, it is exclusively
    the females that transmit viruses to humans. Identifying genes on sex chromosomes that favor female mosquitoes is important for mosquito-control strategies. Conversely, it's important to know when key genes are not
    on sex chromosomes.



    ==========================================================================
    To demonstrate that CRISPR-made mutations pass through to subsequent generations, the team also had to establish how to get the sharpshooters
    to mate in pairs. "That's not always straightforward in entomology,
    because insects sometimes need more than one other insect to get
    stimulated for mating," Atkinson explained.

    Now that the team has demonstrated that CRISPR can work in these insects,
    they have a new goal.

    "We're using CRISPR to try and modify the mouth parts of the sharpshooter
    so they can't pick up the bacteria that causes Pierce's Disease," said
    Rick Redak, UCR entomologist and paper co-author.

    There is high likelihood the team will succeed in modifying the mouths,
    given the efficiency with which they were able to change the genes for
    the sharpshooters' eye color. The team injected the CRISPR molecules
    into recently laid eggs, and in some experiments as many of 100% of the
    eggs became nymphs with altered eye color.

    "It's absolutely amazing because the success rate in other organisms
    is often 30% or lower," said Linda Walling plant biologist and paper
    co-author. "The high rate of gene editing success in glassy-winged sharpshooters bodes well for our ability to develop new methods of
    insect control, as well as understanding the basic biology of this
    devastating pest." Atkinson also marvels how close the team is to
    its goal of creating insects that aren't infectious. "Before CRISPR,
    generating specific mutations with such ease at such high frequencies
    was virtually impossible," Atkinson said. "Now we are confident we can
    come up with ways to create insects unable to transmit this disease."
    "The outcome of this research is an example of the strength that the agriculture departments in UCR's College of Natural and Agricultural
    Sciences bring to developing innovative pest control strategies," he said.

    In addition to scientists from UCR's Department of Entomology, the
    research team included Walling from the Department of Botany & Plant
    Sciences and mycologist Jason Stajich from the Department of Microbiology
    & Plant Pathology.

    Their work was funded by the California Department of Food and
    Agriculture, as well as the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and
    Plant Health Inspection Service.

    The team is particularly encouraged by the results of their CRISPR
    experiments on sharpshooters, part of a class of insects for which other molecular control strategies have not previously been effective.

    "It's looking like sharpshooters will become a model organism for
    the Hemiptera, this big category of piercing, sucking insects," said
    Redak. "Our model of using CRISPR for them could blow open our ability to control diseases they transmit to plants and possibly, to humans as well."

    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
    University_of_California_-_Riverside. Original written by Jules
    Bernstein. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Related Multimedia:
    * Glassy-winged_sharpshooter_and_grapevines ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Inaiara de Souza Pacheco, Anna-Louise A. Doss, Beatriz G. Vindiola,
    Dylan
    J. Brown, Cassandra L. Ettinger, Jason E. Stajich, Richard A. Redak,
    Linda L. Walling, Peter W. Atkinson. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated
    genome modification of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca
    vitripennis (Germar). Scientific Reports, 2022; 12 (1) DOI:
    10.1038/ s41598-022-09990-4 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220503083111.htm

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