• Image-based mechanical simulations impro

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Monday, May 02, 2022 22:30:40
    Image-based mechanical simulations improve accuracy in gauging healing progress of bone fractures

    Date:
    May 2, 2022
    Source:
    Lehigh University
    Summary:
    When you first break a bone, the body sends out an inflammatory
    response, and cells begin to form a hematoma around the injured
    area. Within a week or two, that blood clot is replaced with a soft
    material called callus that forms a bridge of sorts that holds the
    fragments together. Over months, the callus hardens into bone,
    and the healing process is complete. But sometimes, that bridge
    between the bones fails to form, creating a nonunion.



    FULL STORY ==========================================================================
    When you first break a bone, the body sends out an inflammatory response,
    and cells begin to form a hematoma around the injured area. Within a week
    or two, that blood clot is replaced with a soft material called callus
    that forms a bridge of sorts that holds the fragments together. Over
    months, the callus hardens into bone, and the healing process is complete.


    ==========================================================================
    But sometimes, that bridge between the bones fails to form, creating a nonunion. In patients with long-bone fractures (of the tibia, fibia, or
    femur, for example), nonunions can be particularly debilitating, severely affecting their quality of life and ability to work. For surgeons,
    nonunions can be difficult to diagnose as they require subjective
    assessments of X-rays taken over a period of six to nine months. The
    difficulty lies in that the bone couldbe healing, just very slowly, in
    which case additional intervention may not be necessary. But if it's not healing, the patient has endured months of pain and limited activity,
    only to face additional surgery.

    In a perfect world, surgeons would have a tool that could identify
    nonunions earlier.

    "The end goal is to save patients time, money, and frustration," says
    Brendan Inglis, a Lehigh University graduate student in the Department
    of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics. "Because if the surgeon comes
    back to you and says you have a clinically diagnosed nonunion, and you
    need further interventions, that's going to further delay your ability to
    get back to your life." Inglis is the lead author of a paper recently published in Scientific Reports that shows how the dual nature of the
    healing zone, as both a soft and hard material, determines the mechanical rigidity of the whole bone. The work builds on research in the lab of
    Hannah Dailey, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering and
    mechanics in Lehigh's P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied
    Science. Previously, the team has shown the viability of using a non-
    invasive, imaging-based virtual biomechanical test to assess the progress
    of fracture healing. Additionally, the team has developed and validated
    a material properties assignment method for intact ovine bones using
    virtual biomechanical testing.

    The problem, says Inglis, was that the virtual tests overpredicted the mechanical properties of the bone early in the healing process because
    parts of the callus are still too soft to be modeled as bone.



    ========================================================================== "When we applied that model to fractured ovine tibia, essentially a
    sheep's lower leg, the mechanical properties didn't match," he says. "Our hypothesis was that all the soft tissue and cartilage involved in the
    healing of a fractured limb was being overpredicted, meaning the callus
    was being assigned properties that were too stiff." In other words,
    the previous model didn't accurately differentiate between bone and
    callus. If callus was treated as being stiffer than it actually was,
    it could imply that the bone was further along in the healing process
    than it actually was.

    "Callus is a highly heterogeneous tissue, meaning it contains more than
    one density and stiffness value," says Inglis. "So if you're going to
    model an operated limb, you can't treat everything as dense bone. You
    need to come up with some way to treat callus differently. But the
    mechanical properties of callus still aren't well understood, and there
    wasn't anything in the literature that set the cutoff point between
    where you start treating the healing zone as soft tissue, and where
    you start treating it as bone." To determine that cutoff, Inglis and
    his team worked with collaborators at the Musculoskeletal Research Unit
    (MSRU) at the University of Zurich. The Swiss researchers used a torsion
    tester to measure torsional rigidity in excised sheep tibia, and the
    Lehigh team used the corresponding CT scans and data to replicate those biomechanical tests virtually.

    Inglis explains that the brightness of the pixels within the CT bone
    scans correlate to density. The brighter the pixel, the stiffer that
    area of bone.



    ==========================================================================
    "You can imagine that from a black pixel to the brightest white pixel,
    there's a whole spectrum of values. So essentially what we did was
    find the cutoff below which the pixels are getting darker and should be
    treated as very soft.

    We postulated that prior to this study, those darker pixels were
    being calibrated too high, and assumed to be too stiff in the model."
    Utilizing a piecewise material model, they optimized a cutoff point that separates soft tissue from bone.

    "When you get that density cutoff right, the virtual models can accurately replicate the rigidity you get from a bench biomechanical test of that
    same bone," he says. "Once you have a model that's validated to what was
    done on a bench test, you can start to predict different things about
    the behavior of healing bones. And the more we understand about why the
    healing process fails, the better our chances of creating a tool that
    could one day inform surgeons.

    So this model gives us a foothold into one day translating this work
    into the clinic." To illustrate their findings, Inglis created an app
    that allows others in the field to interact with the data.

    "As researchers, we often read a great paper, and come across a value
    we'll be curious about, and the citation just points us to another paper,
    which points you to another paper, and so it becomes this whole rabbit
    hole effect," he says. "This app is a nice way to visualize what we
    did, and build it into your own research. I think in an ideal world,
    there will be more sharing of information like this because in the end,
    that's the purpose of doing research." This research is based in part
    upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under a
    CAREER Award to Hannah Dailey (Grant No. CMMI- 1943287.)

    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Lehigh_University. Note: Content
    may be edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Brendan Inglis, Peter Schwarzenberg, Karina Klein, Brigitte von
    Rechenberg, Salim Darwiche, Hannah L. Dailey. Biomechanical duality
    of fracture healing captured using virtual mechanical testing and
    validated in ovine bones. Scientific Reports, 2022; 12 (1) DOI:
    10.1038/s41598-022- 06267-8 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220502094804.htm

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