• Newborns' brains already organized into

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Wednesday, April 13, 2022 22:30:46
    Newborns' brains already organized into functional networks
    Study finds individual variability linked to genetics

    Date:
    April 13, 2022
    Source:
    Ohio State University
    Summary:
    Right from birth, human brains are organized into networks that
    support mental functions such as vision and attention, a new
    study shows.



    FULL STORY ========================================================================== Right from birth, human brains are organized into networks that support
    mental functions such as vision and attention, a new study shows.


    ========================================================================== Previous studies had shown that adults have seven such functional networks
    in the brain. This study, the first to take a fine-grained, whole-brain approach in newborns, found five of those networks are operating at birth.

    Crucially, the study also found individual variability in those networks
    in newborns, which may have implications for how genetics affects behavior
    in adults.

    "For centuries, humans have wondered about what makes them unique and
    the role of genetic programming versus our lifetime of experience,"
    said Zeynep Saygin, senior author of the study and assistant professor
    of psychology at The Ohio State University.

    "Our study shows variability in the brain at birth that may be related
    to some of the behavioral differences we see in adults." The study,
    published recently in the journal NeuroImage, was led by M. Fiona Molloy,
    a psychology graduate student at Ohio State.



    ==========================================================================
    The researchers analyzed fMRI scans of the brains of 267 newborns, most
    less than a week old, who were part of the Developing Human Connectome
    Project. All infants were scanned for 15 minutes while they were asleep.

    The study involved analysis of the smallest bits of brain possible with
    MRI - - called voxels or volumetric pixels -- to see how the signals of
    each voxel were related to other voxels in the brain.

    "Even when we're sleeping, the brain is active and different parts are communicating with each other," Saygin said.

    "We identify networks by finding which parts of the brain show similar
    patterns of activity at the same time -- for example when one area
    activates, the other does too. They are talking to each other."
    Findings showed five networks in newborns that resembled those found
    in adults: the visual, default, sensorimotor, ventral attention and
    high-level vision networks.



    ========================================================================== Adults have two additional networks not found in the brains of newborns:
    the control and limbic networks. These are both involved with higher-level functions, Saygin explained.

    The control network allows adults to make plans to meet goals. The limbic network is involved in emotional regulation.

    "Babies have little cognitive control and emotional regulation, so it
    is not surprising that these networks aren't developed," Saygin said.

    "But one possibility would have been that they are set up at birth
    and just need to be honed. That's not what we found, though. Those
    networks are not there at all yet and must develop through experience."
    The researchers also examined individual differences in the brain networks
    of the newborns studied. Results showed that the ventral attention network showed the most variability in the newborns. This is the network involved
    in directing attention to important stimuli encountered in the world, especially something that may be unexpected.

    "Our results suggest that the ventral attention network is a stable
    source of individual variability that exists at birth and perhaps persists through the lifetime," she said.

    In adults, this individual variability in network organization has been
    linked to behavior and different disorders.

    "We see individual differences in network organization as early as birth,
    and it could be interesting to see if these differences predict behavior
    or risk of psychological disorders later in life," Molloy said.

    In another analysis, the researchers used tissue samples of human brains available through the Allan Human Brain Atlas to explore how differences
    in the brain networks in the newborns may be tied to differences in gene expression - - the process of turning on or activating genes.

    They found multiple genes from the brain tissue samples that may have
    led to the specific brain organizations they found in individual newborns
    in the study.

    "This might uncover a potential genetic basis for why we're seeing these differences in the networks of newborns in our study," she said.

    Future research will examine how these networks develop over time to get
    a better understanding of the role of genetic programming and experience
    in producing variability in these networks.

    "We want to further understand the developmental trajectory of these
    networks to learn how genes and experience relate to future behavior
    and outcomes," Saygin said.


    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Ohio_State_University. Original
    written by Jeff Grabmeier. Note: Content may be edited for style and
    length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. M. Fiona Molloy, Zeynep M. Saygin. Individual variability in
    functional
    organization of the neonatal brain. NeuroImage, 2022; 253: 119101
    DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119101 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220413091006.htm

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